Maxillectomy is a surgical procedure involving the removal of part or all of the maxilla, the upper jawbone that supports the upper teeth and forms part of the eye socket and nasal cavity. This procedure is primarily performed to treat malignant tumors, such as squamous cell carcinoma, sarcomas, or other cancers that affect the upper jaw, nasal cavity, or surrounding areas. Maxillectomy may also be required for benign but aggressive conditions, such as ameloblastoma or fibrous dysplasia, which can damage the bone. Depending on the extent of the disease, the procedure can range from partial maxillectomy, where only a section of the maxilla is removed, to total maxillectomy, which involves the removal of the entire bone and sometimes adjacent structures like the orbital floor or palate. Although maxillectomy can be lifesaving by removing cancerous or diseased tissue, it is associated with significant complications. The removal of the maxilla can lead to changes in facial structure, resulting in cosmetic concerns and difficulties with chewing, speaking, and swallowing. Additionally, patients may experience infection, bleeding, and difficulties with wound healing. When the maxilla is removed, there may also be an opening between the mouth and sinus, leading to nasal regurgitation of fluids and speech issues. Reconstructive surgery or the use of prosthetic devices, such as an obturator, may be required to restore function and appearance. Post-operative care, including rehabilitation and emotional support, is essential to address the physical and psychological challenges associated with maxillectomy.
